The Manaslu Conservation Area (MCA) is one of Nepal’s most pristine and culturally rich protected regions. Declared a conservation area in 1998, it is the second conservation area in Nepal, established to protect fragile Himalayan ecosystems and preserve the unique Tibetan Buddhist culture of the region. Located in the northern part of Gorkha District, the Manaslu Conservation Area offers an extraordinary blend of towering mountains, diverse flora and fauna, ancient monasteries, and remote trekking routes.

Covering an area of approximately 1,663 square kilometers,covering seven Tsumnubri Rural Municipality wards i.e sirdibas, chumchet. Chekambar. Bihi, pork, Lho and samagaun(Roe) MCA lie adjacent to the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, which gives it a semi-restricted status. This remoteness has helped the region maintain its traditional lifestyle, unspoiled landscapes, and rich biodiversity, making it one of the most rewarding trekking destinations in Nepal.

Overview of Manaslu Conservation Area

The Manaslu Conservation Area covers seven wards of Tsumnubri Rural Municipality, including:

The village of Jagat (Sirdibas) serves as the main entrance point to the Manaslu Conservation Area. All trekkers must register and show permits here before entering the protected zone.

There are approximately 9,000 inhabitants living within the conservation area, most of whom belong to Tibetan-origin communities that have practiced Buddhism for centuries.

Geographical and Ethnic Divisions of Manaslu Region

The Manaslu Conservation Area is broadly categorized into three distinct geographical and cultural regions, each with its own landscape, climate, and ethnic identity.

1. Nubri Valley

The northern part, including Samagaun, Lho, and Prok, is known as Nubri Valley.
This region is heavily influenced by Tibetan culture, with stone houses, prayer flags, mani walls, and ancient monasteries dominating the landscape.

2. Kutang (Kuthang) Region

The middle region, including Bihi, is called Kutang.
It forms a transitional zone between the lower hills and the high Himalayan alpine region, both geographically and culturally.

3. Tsum Valley

The southern section, including Chumchet and Chekampar, is known as Tsum Valley.
Tsum Valley is famous for its sacred Buddhist heritage, meditation caves, and peaceful spiritual environment.

Biodiversity of Manaslu Conservation Area

Manaslu Conservation Area is one of the most biologically diverse regions in Nepal. Due to its wide altitude range (from around 700m to over 8,000m), it supports multiple ecosystems and forest types.

Flora of Manaslu Conservation Area

There are over 2,000 species of flowering plants recorded in MCA, spread across 11 different forest types.

1. Subtropical Forest (700m – 2,000m)

Found in the lower regions, this zone includes species such as:

• Sal (Shorea robusta)
  
  

• Schima
  
  

• Bamboo
  
  

• Wild banana plants
  
  

2. Temperate Forest (2,000m – 3,000m)

This zone is known for vibrant autumn colors and includes:

• Oak
  
  

• Maple
  
  

• Blue pine
  
  

• Rhododendron
  
  

3. Sub-Alpine and Alpine Forest (3,000m – 4,500m)

Vegetation becomes shorter and hardier:

• Juniper (Dhupi)
  
  

• Dwarf rhododendron
  
  

• Fir
  
  

• Alpine grasses
  
  

4. Nival Zone (Above 4,500m)

Vegetation is sparse, but medicinal plants thrive:

• Mosses and lichens
  
  

• Jatamansi
  
  

• Kutki
  
  

• Yarsagumba (Cordyceps sinensis)
  
  

Fauna of Manaslu Conservation Area

Mammals

There are 33–39 species of mammals recorded in MCA, including several endangered species.

Large Carnivores (Predators)

• Snow Leopard (Endangered): Found above 3,500m in rocky alpine terrain; preys mainly on blue sheep and Himalayan tahr.
  
  

• Himalayan Grey Wolf
  
  

• Himalayan Black Bear (omnivore, found in mid-hill forests)
  
  

• Lynx (mountain cat)
  
  

Endangered and Rare Mammals

• Red Panda (Endangered): Found in temperate forests with dense bamboo.
  
  

• Yellow-throated Marten
  
  

• Leopard Cat
  
  

• Jungle Cat
  
  

Herbivores

• Blue Sheep (Bharal) – key prey of snow leopards
  
  

• Himalayan Tahr
  
  

• Musk Deer
  
  

• Himalayan Goral
  
  

Birds

More than 110–201 species of birds are found in the Manaslu region, including:

• Golden Eagle
  
  

• Himalayan Griffon Vulture
  
  

• Bearded Vulture (Lammergeier)
  
  

• Himalayan Monal
  
  

• Kalij Pheasant
  
  

• Snow Partridge
  
  

Reptiles and Butterflies

• 3 species of reptiles, including Himalayan Agama and non-venomous mountain snakes
  
  

• 11 species of butterflies
  
  

Tourism and Infrastructure Development

For many years, the Manaslu region remained neglected in terms of infrastructure and basic services due to its semi-restricted status and proximity to the Tibetan border. Unlike the Annapurna and Everest regions, Manaslu did not attract mass tourism.

However, tourism has been steadily increasing, with more than 7,000 trekkers visiting Manaslu Conservation Area in 2018, and the numbers continue to grow.

MCA Offices and Checkpoints

• Main Office: Philim and Sirdibas
  
  

• Liaison Office: Gorkha Bazaar
  
  

• Tourist Checkposts & Information Centers: Jagat and Samagaun
  
  

Manaslu Circuit Trek Overview

The Manaslu Circuit Trek is a classic Himalayan trek that circles Mount Manaslu (8,163m), the 8th highest mountain in the world. The trek usually takes 12 to 18 days, depending on side trips and acclimatization.

Key Highlights

• Crossing Larke La Pass (5,160m), one of Nepal’s most dramatic high passes
  
  

• Spectacular views of:
  
  

• Manaslu Range
  
  

• Annapurna Range
  
  

• Himalchuli
  
  

• Ngadi Chuli
  
  

• Himlung Himal
  
  

• Choe Himal
  
  

• Dense forests, deep gorges, glaciers, and high alpine landscapes
  
  

• Rich Tibetan Buddhist culture and ancient monasteries
  
  

Difficulty Level

The Manaslu Circuit Trek is moderately to highly challenging, making it less suitable for beginner trekkers without prior high-altitude experience.

Tsum Valley Trek

The Tsum Valley Trek is a spiritual journey into one of Nepal’s most sacred Himalayan valleys.

Location and Geography

Tsum Valley lies in the northeastern part of Gorkha District, surrounded by:

• Boudha Himal and Himalchuli (West)
  
  

• Ganesh Himal (South)
  
  

• Siring Himal (7,187m) (North)
  
  

Cultural Significance

The valley is deeply rooted in Tibetan Buddhism and is adorned with:

• Mani walls
  
  

• Chortens
  
  

• Prayer flags
  
  

• Sacred monasteries
  
  

It is believed that Guru Rinpoche and Milarepa meditated in nearby caves. Tsum Valley is ideal for trekkers seeking inner peace, meditation, and spiritual discovery.

Trekking Route Description

The Manaslu trek typically begins from Soti Khola, near Arughat. The trail follows the Budhi Gandaki River, passing through bamboo forests and narrow gorges.

After exploring Tsum Valley, trekkers rejoin the Manaslu Circuit at Deng village. From Lho, the trail enters the Nubri region, characterized by Tibetan settlements, monasteries, and dramatic mountain scenery.

Restricted Area Rules and Trekking Permits

Manaslu is a restricted trekking area, designed to protect its ecosystem and cultural heritage.

Important Rules

• Solo trekking is not allowed
  
  

• Minimum two trekkers required
  
  

• A licensed trekking guide is mandatory
  
  

• Permits must be obtained through a registered trekking agency
  
  

Required Permits

1. Restricted Area Permit (RAP)

Peak Season (Sep–Nov):

• Foreigners: USD 100 (first 10 days), USD 15 per extra day
  
  

• SAARC: USD 70 + USD 10 per extra day
  
  

• Nepalese: Not required
  
  

Off-Season (Dec–Aug):

• Foreigners: USD 75 + USD 10 per extra day
  
  

• SAARC: USD 50 + USD 7 per extra day
  
  

2. Manaslu Conservation Area Permit (MCAP)

• Foreigners: NPR 3,000
  
  

• SAARC: NPR 1,000
  
  

• Nepalese: NPR 100
  
  

3. Annapurna Conservation Area Permit (ACAP)

• Same cost as MCAP
  
  

4. Tsum Valley Permit

• Sep–Nov: USD 40 + USD 7 extra day
  
  

• Dec–Aug: USD 30 + USD 7 extra day
  
  

5. Chumnubri Rural Municipality Permit

• Sep–Nov: USD 100 + USD 15 extra day
  
  

• Dec–Aug: USD 75 + USD 10 extra day

Pungyen Gumba and Major Side Trips Around Samagaun (Roe) – Manaslu Trek Guide

Samagaun (Roe) is one of the most important villages on the Manaslu Circuit Trek and serves as a key acclimatization stop for trekkers. Surrounded by towering Himalayan peaks and Tibetan Buddhist culture, Samagaun offers several rewarding side trips, among which Pungyen Gumba is considered the best one-day acclimatization hike in the Manaslu region.

This area allows trekkers to adjust to altitude while exploring ancient monasteries, glaciers, sacred landscapes, and historic trade routes near the Tibet border.

Pungyen Gumba is located on the backside of Mount Manaslu, offering dramatic views of glaciers, icefalls, and close-up Himalayan scenery. Due to its altitude and gentle ascent, it is widely regarded as the ideal acclimatization hike during the Manaslu Circuit Trek.

Cultural and Religious Significance

In the local Tibetan language, Mount Manaslu is called “Gangri Pungyen”, meaning the mountain of Pungyen. Lord Pungyen is believed to be the protector deity of Mount Manaslu, and local people consider the surrounding mountains as sacred. The monastery was established centuries ago by Buddhist monks who chose this secluded location for religious teachings, meditation, and spiritual practice.

The Nubri Valley communities, who settled in this region around 400 years ago, still strongly follow these beliefs and traditions.

Altitude, Distance, and Hiking Time

• Altitude: ~4,000 meters above sea level
  
  

• Distance: Approximately 8–10 km (round trip)
  
  

• Hiking Time: 3.5 to 4 hours from Samagaun
  
  

This altitude gain makes Pungyen Gumba perfect for acclimatization before crossing higher passes like Larke La.

Views and Scenery from Pungyen Gumba

Pungyen Gumba offers 360-degree panoramic views of the high Himalayas. From the monastery and surrounding hills, trekkers can clearly see:

• Mount Manaslu (very close)
  
  

• Himalchuli (7,900m)
  
  

• Ngadi Chuli (Peak 29) – 7,600m
  
  

• Buddha Himal
  
  

• Massive glaciers and icefalls flowing down from Manaslu
  
  

The peaceful environment, prayer flags, and dramatic mountain backdrop make this one of the most scenic and spiritual spots in the Manaslu region.

Activities Around Pungyen Gumba

Camping

Camping near Pungyen Gumba is possible and offers a unique experience under the shadow of Mount Manaslu. It is ideal for photographers, nature lovers, and trekkers seeking solitude.

Gangsa Hike (Hidden Viewpoint)

Above Pungyen Gumba, at around 4,400 meters, lies a lesser-known hiking destination called Gangsa in the local language. This route is rarely visited by tourists.

• Duration: Around 5 hours (up and down from Pungyen Gumba)
  
  

• Highlight: Extremely close views of Mount Manaslu and surrounding glaciers
  
  

This hike is suitable for well-acclimatized trekkers looking for an off-the-beaten-path experience.

Serang Gumba – Ancient Monastery of Nubri Valley

Serang Gumba is an ancient Tibetan Buddhist monastery located at an altitude of around 3,100 meters in the Nubri Valley. The trek to Serang Gumba starts from Bihi Phedi and involves scenic but moderately challenging hikes through forests and alpine valleys.

Highlights of Serang Gumba

• Deep spiritual atmosphere
  
  

• Opportunity for meditation
  
  

• Insight into traditional monastic life
  
  

• Stunning views of Manaslu and Himalchuli
  
  

• Chance to witness Buddhist festivals and rituals
  
  

This trek is ideal for travelers interested in culture, religion, and traditional Himalayan lifestyles.

Birendra Lake – Short and Scenic Acclimatization Hike

Birendra Lake is named after the late King Birendra Shah of Nepal. Located near the glacier of Mount Manaslu, it is surrounded by forested hills and dramatic mountain scenery.

Key Details

• Altitude: ~3,640 meters
  
  

• Distance: About 30 minutes from Samagaun
  
  

• Difficulty: Easy
  
  

Birendra Lake is perfect for a short acclimatization walk, photography, and relaxation. Trekkers can observe glaciers melting from Mount Manaslu and water flowing through the rocky terrain, making it one of the most peaceful spots near Samagaun.

Manaslu Base Camp – Challenging but Rewarding Side Trip

The Manaslu Base Camp trek is one of the most challenging side trips in the region but offers unmatched mountain views.

Trek Details

• Altitude: ~4,800 meters
  
  

• Elevation Gain: ~1,300 meters from Samagaun
  
  

• Duration: 5–6 hours (round trip)
  
  

The trail passes through rhododendron forests, moraines, and crystal-clear glacial terrain. From the base camp, trekkers get an incredibly close view of Mount Manaslu’s massive glaciers and ice walls.

This hike is recommended only for well-acclimatized trekkers.

Gyala Bhanjyang – Historic Nepal–Tibet Trade Route

Gyala Bhanjyang is a high mountain pass north of Samdo village and was historically used as a trade route between Nepal and Tibet. Compared to Ruila Bhanjyang (Rui Pass), Gyala is longer, higher, and less frequently visited.

Historical Importance

In the early 1900s, local people from the Nubri Valley used Gyala Bhanjyang to trade:

• Wood
  
  

• Yak products
  
  

• Barley
  
  

In exchange, they brought:

• Salt
  
  

• Clothes
  
  

• Utensils
  
  

Goods were transported using yaks, zopo (yak-cow hybrids), and horses.

Landscape and Highlights

• Views of Gyala Peak
  
  

• Panbari Himal (~6,700m)
  
  

• Large open pasturelands used for grazing
  
  

• A sense of untouched wilderness
  
  

Local herders often spent a full day here due to abundant grass and open grazing areas during their journeys toward Tibet

Best Time to Trek the Manaslu Circuit

Choosing the best time to trek the Manaslu Circuit is crucial for ensuring safety, comfort, and an enjoyable trekking experience. Weather conditions and trail accessibility play a major role in determining the overall success of the trek, as they directly affect visibility, temperature, and walking conditions.

Among the four seasons, Spring (March to May) and Autumn (September to November) are considered the most ideal and safest times to trek in the Manaslu region.

Spring Season (March to May)

Spring is one of the best seasons for the Manaslu trek. During this time, the trails are lined with blooming rhododendron forests, wildflowers, and lush greenery. Temperatures are moderate, mornings are usually clear, and mountain views are spectacular. This season is perfect for nature lovers and photographers.

Autumn Season (September to November)

Autumn offers stable weather, excellent visibility, and crystal-clear views of snow-capped Himalayan peaks. After the monsoon clears the atmosphere, the skies remain bright and the trails dry, making trekking conditions ideal. This is also the most popular season for the Manaslu Circuit Trek.

Seasons to Avoid

• Summer/Monsoon (June to August): Heavy rainfall, slippery trails, leeches, and a higher risk of landslides make trekking challenging and unsafe.
  
  

• Winter (December to February): Extremely cold temperatures, heavy snowfall, and snow-blocked high passes like Larke La can make the trek difficult or impossible.
  
  

Conclusion

Selecting the right season for your Manaslu Circuit Trek ensures safer trails, breathtaking scenery, comfortable temperatures, and an overall rewarding trekking experience. For the best balance of weather, safety, and views, Spring and Autumn remain the top choices for trekking in the Manaslu region.